Facilities Planning Essay Example for Free

Facilities Planning Essay * To understand the basic fundamentals and importance of Facilities as applied in the Small or Medium-Scale Manufacturing industries * To understand and apply the concepts of product and process design in terms of MANUFACTURING * To develop alternative materials in to yield cost-reduction and productivity * To understand and apply the concepts of evaluating, selecting, preparing, presenting, implementing and maintaining the workplace and formulate preventions and propose improvements. * To conduct improvements in product mix and design; processing and materials technology; handling, storage, and control technology; production volumes, schedules, and routings, and Management philosophies. * To come up with assessment, findings, analyses and recommendations on how to quickly respond to varying customer requirements. * To propose changes whether in the process, methods, or materials with the end view of improving the reduction of work-in-process and just-in-time manufacturing REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Machines Can Only Produce as Efficiently as the People Who Operate Them Summary: U.S. manufacturers are making a strong effort to gain back some of the consumer loyalty lost to their foreign competitors, who since the late 70s have been offering American consumers higher quality products at lower costs. U.S. companies believed that foreign competitors were able to achieve more efficient production through technological advances, when in fact the competition abroad was actually achieving increased production by relying on more productive people, not machines. Addressing this misconception, U.S. manufacturers have begun to concentrate efforts on making people more productive and machines more user friendly. Manufacturers are beginning to realize the best way to improve quality and increase efficiency is through better training and more informed operators. A person who is given a clear directionà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ as to what the corporate objectives are for his or her function, as well as responsibility and authority, will produce a far superior product than a person who has no ownership in their job. There is no one better equipped to improve a process than the person working closest to it. Modernizations have reduced the overall number of machine operators, a greater majority of those remaining are being asked to take a more responsible and participatory role in the manufacturing control process. Rather than being blindly driven by new manufacturing technologies, companies are demanding better ways for operators to interact with their machines or processes. Operators are being asked to become managers, to be more involved in the decision-making process, they are being trained to use tools designed to determine whether the manufacturing process will result in a quality product. Effectively operators need fast access to accurate data. Since the operator workstation is at the heart of each manufacturing information system, the concentration has been to make workstations more responsive. Operators are demanding higher levels of information presentation in their workstations, so design engineers have been forced to seek technology that not only allows for a more sophisticated display of information, but also permits the operator to act on the information quickly, accurately and easily. The demand for increased productivity and efficiency on the plant floor has prompted factory floor automation suppliers to develop more open relationships to identify effective methods of integrating new technology into the production process. Suppliers are beginning to realize the advantages of sharing their proprietary design information. While there is a risk associated with releasing technological information, the benefit to suppliers working cooperatively to give operators the tools they need to be more productive is increased market share domestically and worldwide. As we strive to deliver more information to the factory floor in less time through advances in computer technology, we should never forget that our most sophisticated technologies must eventually flow through the hands of a single operator. Thats why companies are devoting resources to bringing products to market which make the connection between man and machine easier, faster and better. COMPANY BACKGROUND The Rotessas Garment was owned by Mr. Rogelio Habacon Sr. The operation started at the year 2003. They found out that the demand of denims or known as pants can be a good business. They sub contract the different kinds of pants like Diesel, Guess, Nafnaf, Abercrombie and many more. As of now their main client was the Swan Lake which is responsible for distributing in the market. According to Mr. Rogelio Cu Sr., the assistant, being in the garment business is hard to manage. You really have to put more attention to be able to have a large profit. One of the main problems they are encountering was the sewers. They must be trained properly and there must be discipline. Existing demand: 152 pieces/day (Standard) ; 19 units per hour No. of workers: 25 workers No. of machines: 22 machines 6 Special Machines * FOA * Pipe thread * Loop Machine * Bartaxs * Waist binding machine * Button holes 16 High Speed Sewing Machines Machine Cost: All machines were second hand PHP 20,000 High Speed Machine(per machine) PHP 25,000 Buttonholes PHP 15,000 Pipe thread PHP 20,000 Waist Binding, Bartax, Loop Machine PHP 15,000 FOA Working Time: * 4 Hours per day * 8 Hours per day * Unlimited or 24 hours Sales per Unit PHP 125 STATEMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM Rotessas Garments main problem is manual material handling in transferring their products. They generate waste from the time on hand (waiting), distribution and processing of garments. By assessing the companys workplace the team found out that these problems were generated due to the lack of workers performance, the equipment being used, material handling and transportation techniques. Since cutting, sewing, and pressing of buttons are involve in the operation, handling of materials play an important role. Work done causes difficulty since the method of work is time-consuming. Signs are situated at the left area of the vicinity. It is posted on the wall where some workers cant see. Because of this, some workers forgot to follow proper procedures and policies inside the building. This creates difficulty with respect to the processing sequence of the industry. We have observed that the operation in the shop environment is manual creating complexity with the tasks being utilized by the workers. There is an improper placement of raw materials and poor layout of the orderly flows of material, equipment, people and information. We can say that the equipments being used are over-depreciated, which can no longer be used to utilize production effectively. The reason why poor equipments are present is because of improper maintenance of equipment. Tools like scissors, cutters and screwdrivers are not properly secured. This happens because there are on policies that involve good handling of equipment. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The following objectives of this study should be considered: * Create an environment that results in the production of high-quality products * Provide planned and orderly flows of material, equipment, people and information * Design a layout and material handling system that can be easily adapted to changes in product mix and production volumes * Reduce work-in-process and provide controlled flow and storage of materials * Reduce material handling at and between workstations * Utilize space most effectively, considering overhead space and impediments to cross traffic SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study focuses on the methods, layout and processes used in the Garment industry. We limit our scope within the product mix and design; processing and materials technology; handling, storage, and control technology; production volumes, schedules and routings; and management philosophies. All the data collected in this study must meet the requirements stated in the objective of the study. However, each study has its limitations that will be discussed below. * Inflexible in the number of products manufactured * Improper labeling, storage and arrangement of materials * Inflexible layout * Large deviation in production rates in case of equipment failure in the line * Waste arising from unnecessary motion (unlikely event) * Waste arising from producing defective products * Waste arising from transporting * Waste arising from processing itself * Waste arising from unnecessary stock on hand DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERATION STEPS IN MAKING PANTS DRAFTING PATTERN MAKING CUTTING CODING SEWING 1. Marking or Stamping 2. Edging of pockets 3. Heaming 4. Watch pocket to front pocket 5. Front pocket to lining 6. Lining to front panel 7. Staynant 8. Zipper to ply 9. Zipper to panel 10. Tap zipper 11. Connecting riser 12. Back seam 13. Attach back pocket to back panel 14. In seam 15. Side seam 16. Tap side (side binding) 17. Waist band 18. Closed band 19. Making loops 20. Heam leg 21. Button holes 22. Bartaxs / loops attaching 23. Trim 24. Revise and fold WASHING FINISHING FLOW CHART (PRESENT SYSTEM) DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS In order to determine what specific problem we will be focusing on, we will use the Pareto principle to determine the significant few (80%) of the main problems in the company. We will focus on the significant few problems of the company however, we will still propose an improved plan for the trivial many after payback period of the first investment in order to fully utilize production rates effectively. The reason behind this is because the company does not have enough funds to support the entire plan that will be proposed. After saving enough money from the minimization of the top problems, the company will implement the entire plan that will be proposed. Identifying the reasons of the impact on the facilities design function, the researchers surveyed the reasons of such event. The survey resulted as follows: CONCLUSION We design a plan in order to solve the significant few problem of the company. This program is designed to provide the smoothest flow of materials, achieve flexibility, improve quality, increase productivity and space utilization, and simultaneously reduce facilities and operating costs. The following trends can be utilized: * Eliminate or minimize non-value-adding activities * Simultaneously use Material Handling * Improve design * Proper storage and arrangement of materials * Anticipate unlikely events * Proper labeling * Need for test/ inspection * Ergonomic orientation * Minimize the use of time and space resources * Manufacture in the shortest cycle time possible * Stockless production * Material as needed and required * Continuous-flow manufacturing * Zero-inventory production systems In conclusion, we recommend this plan that we designed to improve the performance of the company and to improve the impact of the facilities design function. The continued trend toward just-in-time manufacturing puts the material handling and layout functions to the front line. By designing and implementing the plan we were able to meet out objective and creates the essence of the material handling function by 50%. The following elements will be further discussed: * Right Amount How much inventory is needed? What is needed? What is not anticipated? * Right Material Simplifying the parts numbering system and maintaining the integrity and accuracy of the database system are more fundamental tasks * Right Sequence Eliminate unnecessary operations or improving those that remain. * Right Orientation Means positioning the material for ease of handling * Right Place Addresses both transportation and storage. It is desirable to directly transport material to the point of use rather than store the material at some intermediate location. * Right Time It means on-time delivery. The goal is to develop a material handling system that will result in lower production cycle times, and not to lower material handling delivery times. * Right Cost To design the most efficient material handling systems at the most reasonable cost. This would entail the lowest possible cost that can be acquired from the From-To Chart. * Right Method Using more than one method is generally the right thing to do

Essays --

Beyond the Bible, written by Howard Marshall, is a compilation of essays that seek to propose a biblically sound way to move from biblical text to doctrine and application. Marshall believes that if one is going to move â€Å"beyond the bible,† they must do so â€Å"biblically.† A concern for Marshall is also how to properly apply scripture to controversial matters in the church today. The book includes more than just Marshall’s work, but essays written by Kevin Vanhoozer and Stanley Porter as well, which backs the idea that hermeneutics should be a discussion, not a solo speech. In Marshall’s first essay, ‘Evangelicals and Hermeneutics,’ he summarizes the state of evangelical theology in relation to hermeneutics. Marshall describes how over the past thirty years, evangelical scholars have come to appreciate hermeneutics more than ever before. Evangelical scholars now grasp and explore hermeneutical concerns at all levels of study: general hermeneutics, exegesis, as well as exposition and application. Marshall states that while examining an author’s intent is important, it overlooks the question of sensus plenior, the work’s deeper meaning intended by God, not necessarily by the human author. In Marshall’s second essay, ‘The Development of Doctrine,’ he identifies two approaches to biblical interpretation, conservative and progressive. Marshall witnessed a need for greater clarity in regards to worship practices, principles, and theology due to the varying opinions among evangelical interpreters. Marshall mentions, â€Å"It is especially the duty of evangelical Christians to provide some kind of reasoned, principled approach to the question of the development of doctrine from Scripture† (Marshall 45). Marshall’s third essay, ‘The Search for Bi... ...ques approaches based on the historical-critical method, the speech-act theory, and the approach of Wittgenstein. Porter’s view is that Paul, himself, had his own opinions on Jesus, God, and Christianity overall. Porter suggests using the translation theory when looking to go beyond the bible. He believes one should carefully examine the core of what is being said in scripture, and then translate it into today’s language. Beyond the Bible is full of useful insights regarding how to apply scripture to doctrine and everyday life. Marshall, Vanhoozer, and Porter are all well-educated theologians. How to faithfully apply Scripture to everyday life is not conclusively agreed upon and laid out in this book, but it pushes readers to think about biblical interpretation in new ways. As mentioned earlier, hermeneutics is meant to be an on-going discussion, not a solo speech.

The Geranium

Date: 15/02/10 Title: The Geranium Text type: Short story Author: Patricia Grace This short story, ‘The Geranium', by Patricia Grace and published 1993, is a perfect example of Battered woman syndrome and the mental effects it has on a person in this case Marney. In the geranium, the main character, Marney is a stay at home mother. She cleans intensely all day and seems rather dull. She does not leave the house even when one of the girls tells her to â€Å"come for a stretch. † You know she is hesitant and you can feel that there is something stopping her from leaving. There seems to be a routine of non-stop cleaning, because when her friends, Sandra and Joe, come over this doesn't stop her from making sure things are clean, she even sets down paper to stop the floor getting dirty again. Her life is so boring that the highlight of her week is the arrival of the â€Å"paper that came on a Wednesday. † The paper is a widow to the outside world that she is no longer able to access. Although the paper shows her all kinds of things she could do and clubs she could enter, she can’t because of a mental block built up by the continuous abuse from Bob. The conflict becomes more clear with the return of Bob her husband. When Bob comes home he immediately starts demands what she has been doing all day. He asks questions about whether she’s been digging and cleaning and who’s been over. He is so controlling that he has to know ever little detail to make sure he does not â€Å"find out different. † When he finds out about â€Å"The Geranium† he tells her to â€Å"chuck that thing out. † This is a clear demonstration of his control, because Marney throws it away without question even though earlier we see that she really wanted it. These demonstrations of Bob’s dominance show us the reason for Marney’s resistance to leave for the shops earlier and why she finds the housework so important. The conflict is resolved when Marney throws out the Geranium at Bob’s command. This part of the story is significant because it is Marney’s chance to stand up for something she wants. We see earlier in the story that the Geranium is something that she has wanted; it is something to bring some colour into her dull, boring, grey life. A bit of change to brighten her days. But she is damaged from her abuse, and shows she has no freewill. Immediately faltering under Bob’s orders she â€Å"put it into [a] scrap bucket† as if it was of little matter to her. The â€Å"sink emptying† is her life being drained away. She watches as her life is taken away from here, because she was unable to speak up. She has let her chance slip away and has been doomed to the same dull days. I think the ideas that Patricia Grace is trying to get across is that; domestic violence isn’t all physical, that it can happen very much behind the scenes and the ways in which it can affect people. Although we get hints that Marney is physically abused such as; when Grace mentions that Marney â€Å"would put on her cardigan to hide her arm,† and when Bob grips her arm until it hurts, we never actually get any evidence of serious physical abuse. When the Sandra and Joe come over they dress Bob up as an amazing guy compared to their drunkard partners. Bob always has the groceries, and doesn’t come home drunk all the time. But behind the scenes he is very different from the picture the girls have made. He is threatening towards Marney and extremely controlling. He has scared into such an intense routine that she is no longer able to change that routine and is stuck to doing whatever he wants her to. This shows us that domestic violence can occur without the knowledge of the people that surrounding. Grace has showed us the way abuse can affect someone through the way Marney is. She has been so controlled by Bob that she can no longer even think for herself. She has ‘Battered Woman Syndrome’ and is completely under his control that she can not even reach out for help. These effects of her abuse show us how badly the aftermath of abuse affect someone just as bad as the abuse itself. The thing that I didn’t enjoy about this story is the style of writing. It is written in a boring way to emphasis the way Marney’s life is, and although it serves the purpose it left me feeling uninterested. What I did like the storyline. The way in which the conflict developed. I liked the way it starts off with what seems like Marney going about a normal day and then it turns into a day that that brings forth all her abuse and problems. Mainly starting with the arrival of her friends. These developments give us a great insight into a day in the life of Marney. And it is not a pretty picture.

Katherine Mansfield s The Garden Party And The Doll s...

Hypothesis: Katherine Mansfield strongly emphasised prejudice and class distinction within her writing (The Garden Party and The Doll’s House) which was influenced from her upbringing and childhood Katherine Mansfield was a 1900’s modernist writer of short fiction who was born and raised in a socially prominent family in Wellington, New Zealand. Much of her work was strongly themed around issues such as classism, a woman s place in society, sexuality, adulthood and also grief. The central theme in Katherine Mansfield’s stories The Doll’s House and The Garden Party centres around the issue of cruelty of class distinctions. After reading and studying Katherine Mansfield’s late short stories, The Garden Party and The Doll’s House, I have concluded that Mansfield strongly emphasised prejudice and class distinction within her writing which was influenced from her upbringing and childhood. While analysing different critics opinions on Mansfield’s overarching theme in both The Doll’s house and The Garden Party to convey the issue of class distinctions and preconceived prejudice, I found many supportive pieces of evidence and discovered that both critics I studied shared similar ideas in relation to my initial hypothesis. The two main critics that I studied were that of Rebecca Richardson (2005) and Jayne Marek. These critics showed insight into the influence of her writing and her views on distinctions and prejudice in social classes. Rebecca Richardson shared the idea thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Katherine Mansfield s The Garden Party Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesKelsey Archuleta Ms. Sparks AP Lit p.6 8 December 2016 Title Katherine Mansfield was a modernist short story writer during the 1920’s. She wrote various short stories in the few years as an author, Mansfield s stories often commented on class, relationships, families, and sexuality, After reading a few of her most popular works the common theme of them though out was the central conclusion of them all is the protagonist coming of age by seeing the more realistic view on life. The common themeRead MoreAnalysis Of Katherine Mansfield s The Dolls House Essay2323 Words   |  10 PagesKatherine Mansfield was an early 20th New Zealand writer who focused on people and how they interacted with each other. She was often making comments on the society around her. The four short stories of Mansfield that I am going to talk about are also based on the interaction between societies. The people in the 19th century were blinded with darkness of class prejudice and external appearance. The four short stories are ‘The Dolls House’ â⠂¬ËœThe Garden Party’ ‘A Cup of Tea’ and ‘Miss Brill’. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Katherine Mansfield 2012 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: Katherine Mansfield was a well acclaimed author born in 1888. Her literature was in the form of short stories spanning no more than several passages long. Many dub her as an innovator in literature for her distinctive use of realism and symbolism which at the time was foreign to short stories and writing in general. Most authors at the time fabricated fictional worlds with fantastic characters in their stories but Mansfield was more interested in writing and emerging her audience intoRead MoreKatherine Mansfield Major Themes1340 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Katherine Mansfield was a well-known author of her time. This was due to her controversial modernist pieces of writing. She commonly wrote about the political and social issues of her time whilst also writing about her personal life. Her inte rpretations based on the values of different societal classes brings a unique take on the themes represented in her writing. Many of the themes are similar but usually viewed on a different perspective. Four pieces from the 1920’s that show her